Are all US-listed dividends really subject to 30% withholding tax?

I had always assumed every US-listed dividend was subject to a 30% withholding tax because that's what I kept reading online.

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While reviewing my own dividend history, I noticed a few exceptions and started digging deeper. It turns out the answer depends on factors such as where the underlying company is incorporated and how the shares are structured (for example, ADRs).

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Has anyone else come across similar examples or other exceptions?

I documented what I found, including examples from my own portfolio, here:

https://medium.com/datadriveninvestor/i-thought...